Four groups of developmental or acquired deformities and conditions are distinguished
- Localized tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis
- Tooth anatomy
- Restorations or appliances (e.g., dental brace)
- Root fractures
- Cervical root resorptions or cementum damage
- Mucogingival deformities and conditions in the immediate vicinity of the tooth
- Gingival or soft tissue recessions
- Facial or lingual surfaces
- Interapproximal (papillary)
- Deficiency of keratinized gingiva
- Reduced vestibular height
- Abnormal position of the frenulum or of muscles
- Gingival expansion
- Pseudo pockets
- Inconsistent gingival margin
- Excessively prominent-looking gingiva
- Gingival enlargement
- Abnormal color
- Mucogingival deformities and conditions in the edentulous alveolar ridge
- Vertical or horizontal ridge defects
- Absence of gingiva or keratinized tissue
- Hypertrophy of the gingiva or soft tissue
- Abnormal position of the frenulum or of muscles
- Reduced vestibular height
- Abnormal color
- Occlusal trauma
- Primary occlusal trauma
- Secondary occlusal trauma
(Carranza et al. 2006; Blieden 1999)
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